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Measuring volume resistivity and surface resistivity of conductive materials using the four-point probe method

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Four point probes are used in nanofabrication to measure the resistive properties of conducting films which may include substrates, deposited films, and doped regions on a sample surface. The four-point probe method can be used to measure volume resistivity, surface resistivity, and conductivity. The four-point probe method is the four-terminal measurement using four-point array probes …

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Review：Hydrogen Fuel Cells, Carbon Paper, and Bipolar Plate

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Hydrogen fuel cells have gained increasing attention as a sustainable energy source due to their high energy efficiency and low environmental impact. A fuel cell operates by converting the chemical energy from hydrogen fuel and oxygen into electricity, heat, and water. The key components of a fuel cell include the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), the …

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Tensile Test

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The basic idea of a tensile test is to place a sample of a material between two fixtures called “grips” which clamp the material. The material has known dimensions, like length and cross-sectional area.